HYROX Youngstars: Evidence Gaps, Safety Priorities, and a Research-and-Policy Roadmap
Executive Thesis
HYROX Youngstars is positioned as a youth fitness-racing format for athletes aged 8-15 years. Official HYROX materials describe the event as combining running with functional training stations and adapting the adult race model by age and stage of maturation (HYROX World GmbH, n.d.-a). The current Youngstars rulebook for season 25/26 lists four age bands—8-9, 10-11, 12-13, and 14-15 years—with age- and sex-specific divisions, station prescriptions, running-lap structures, penalties, clothing/hydration rules, and participation-with-limitations pathways (HYROX World GmbH, 2026a).
The overall concept is compatible with the youth sport evidence base: supervised, progressive resistance training can be safe and beneficial for children and adolescents, and long-term athletic development models support varied movement, physical literacy, and injury-risk reduction when programs are child-centred and developmentally appropriate (Faigenbaum et al., 2009; Lloyd et al., 2016). However, the public evidence chain for Youngstars remains incomplete. HYROX refers to maturation conceptually, but public materials do not yet show how maturity, body size, training age, venue equipment, or injury-surveillance data were used to determine loads, distances, or safety controls.
The highest-priority improvements are: (a) one globally harmonised source of truth for format, loads, warm-up timing, and event operations; (b) an IOC-aligned injury/illness surveillance system; (c) a youth-specific coach education add-on; (d) transparent load-scaling rationale; (e) maturity-aware monitoring guidance for coaches and parents; and (f) a single safeguarding standard operating procedure for secure athlete zones, guardian handover, withdrawal, incident reporting, and welfare escalation (Bahr et al., 2020; International Safeguards for Children in Sport, 2016; Towlson et al., 2021).
Priority gaps to address
- No public Youngstars-specific injury/illness surveillance system with standard definitions, exposure denominators, severity, time-loss, and event-versus-training attribution.
- Maturation is referenced in official materials, but the operational process is not public: no maturity-screening guidance, no peak-height-velocity caution flags, and no transparent adjustment pathway for outlier body size or training age.
- Youth-specific coaching competencies are not clearly published. A coach may understand HYROX movement standards but still need pediatric strength-and-conditioning, safeguarding, and growth/maturation education.
- Documentation inconsistencies remain across global, regional, and event pages. Regional pages may describe older or different station formats; event pages may include wording that conflicts with the global rulebook. This creates avoidable training, safety, and fairness risk.
- Psychosocial outcomes—enjoyment, autonomy, perceived pressure, confidence, willingness to return—are not yet publicly tracked, despite youth sport consensus emphasizing healthy long-term participation.
Official format and source-control notes
The official Youngstars page states that the format replicates the adult race while adapting by age and stage of maturation, and lists the familiar station sequence: SkiErg, Sled Push, Sled Pull/Drag, Burpee Broad Jump/Frogger, Row, Farmers Carry, Lunges, and Wall Balls/Squats (HYROX World GmbH, n.d.-a). The rulebook provides the most authoritative operational detail for the season 25/26 format, including age divisions, running-lap structure, movement standards, penalties, hydration/nutrition rules, clothing rules, and physical-limitation procedures (HYROX World GmbH, 2026a).
The global rulebook should be treated as the controlling document. A regional HYROX India page still describes a different “nine bespoke workouts” model using shuttle runs and Stixit implements, while the global rulebook describes the updated 8-station race format (HYROX India, n.d.; HYROX World GmbH, 2026a). A HYROX France/London ExCel event page also includes a “sled 25m” wording, while the global rulebook lists sled distances by age group as 15 m or 30 m (HYROX France, n.d.; HYROX World GmbH, 2026a). These inconsistencies should be corrected or clearly labelled as legacy/regional event formats.
| Source type | What it supports | Recommended use |
| Global Youngstars page | Concept, age range, station list, event positioning | Use for high-level public description, not final load prescription. |
| Youngstars Rulebook, season 25/26 | Age divisions, station distances/loads, movement standards, penalties, clothing, hydration/nutrition, physical-limitation pathway | Use as the primary technical source until superseded. |
| Child-friendly rulebooks / event pages | Warm-up, guardian check-in/out, secure-zone procedures, athlete-facing instructions | Use for event-day operations, but align all wording with the global rulebook. |
| Regional pages | May include legacy or region-specific details | Audit and label clearly; do not allow regional pages to contradict the global rulebook. |
Evidence synthesis for youth fitness racing
Youth resistance training and station skill
The strongest evidence supporting Youngstars-style station work comes from youth resistance training and long-term athletic development research. The NSCA position statement concludes that properly designed and supervised resistance training is relatively safe for youth and can improve strength, power, motor performance, health markers, and injury resistance (Faigenbaum et al., 2009). For HYROX-style training, the practical implication is clear: the main safety question is not whether youth can train with resistance, but whether loads, repetitions, pace, coaching, and progression are appropriate for the child in front of the coach.
Long-term athletic development guidance supports varied, progressive, child-centred movement experiences rather than adult-style performance pressure. A Youngstars pathway should therefore emphasise technical competence, enjoyment, movement literacy, confidence, and safe progression before race speed (Bergeron et al., 2015; Lloyd et al., 2016).
Maturation, growth, and load tolerance
Chronological age is a practical registration tool but an incomplete measure of readiness. Maturity status and peak height velocity can affect coordination, neuromuscular control, tissue tolerance, injury risk, and training response (Towlson et al., 2021). Recent scoping-review evidence also indicates that growth and maturation are associated with injury risk and burden in elite youth pathways, although methods and findings vary by sport and population (Parry et al., 2024).
For Youngstars, this means a 13-year-old who is pre-PHV, a 13-year-old in a rapid growth spurt, and a 13-year-old who is post-PHV may have very different strength reserves and movement control under fatigue. Coaches should therefore use maturity-aware caution flags rather than assuming that all children in a two-year age band tolerate the same absolute load equally.
Endurance, HIIT, and repeated high-intensity formats
Public health guidance recommends that children and adolescents accumulate an average of at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and include vigorous aerobic plus muscle- and bone-strengthening activities at least three days per week (Bull et al., 2020). Systematic reviews suggest that high-intensity interval training can improve health-related fitness in youth, but the safety and usefulness of HIIT-style work depend on progression, supervision, recovery, and the child’s training history (Costigan et al., 2015; Eddolls et al., 2017).
Youth running consensus guidance focuses on reducing injury and illness risk while promoting lifelong health in youth runners (Krabak et al., 2021). Because Youngstars combines running with stations, coaches should avoid abrupt mileage spikes, repeated maximal race simulations, and monotony in preparation. Race-specific practice should be layered onto a base of varied aerobic development, strength skill, mobility, and recovery habits.
Overuse, burnout, and psychosocial safety
Youth sport participation is beneficial when it is enjoyable, varied, safe, and autonomy-supportive. The AMSSM position statement warns that high training loads, early intensive specialization, repetitive competition pressure, and inadequate recovery can increase overuse injury and burnout risk (DiFiori et al., 2014). For Youngstars, this makes parent education and coach communication essential: children should not feel forced to continue when distressed, injured, or overwhelmed.
What adult HYROX science can and cannot tell us
The first peer-reviewed adult HYROX physiology study examined a simulated open-division race in recreational adult athletes. It reported high physiological strain, with the highest heart rate, blood lactate, and RPE occurring during the final exercise, wall balls; completion time was also associated with VO2max, endurance training volume, and body fat percentage (Brandt et al., 2025). This is useful for identifying likely “hot spots,” but it cannot be used as direct evidence for children. A Youngstars demand-profile study is needed before firm youth-specific claims can be made.
Coach education blueprint: HYROX Youngstars youth add-on
A youth coach add-on should sit alongside HYROX movement-standard education and be mandatory for coaches leading Youngstars sessions. The goal is not to over-medicalise youth sport; it is to give coaches a clear, evidence-aligned decision framework for readiness, loading, safeguarding, and referral.
| Module | Core competencies | Assessment | Evidence base |
| Youth development foundations | Growth, maturation, PHV awareness, training age, physical literacy, inclusive coaching | Short exam plus case discussion | Lloyd et al. (2016); Bergeron et al. (2015); Towlson et al. (2021) |
| Station technique and movement literacy | Squat/lunge mechanics, bracing, hinge patterns, grip/carry position, sled mechanics, fatigue-related technique breakdown | Video review and live coaching assessment | Faigenbaum et al. (2009) |
| Load selection and regression/progression | Relative intensity, light options, when to reduce load/reps, venue friction/equipment variability, technique-before-speed rules | Case-based programming assignment | Faigenbaum et al. (2009); Towlson et al. (2021) |
| Running, pacing, and conditioning | Age-appropriate interval design, RPE language, recovery, avoiding repeated maximal race simulations | Session plan plus athlete-facing cueing script | Bull et al. (2020); Costigan et al. (2015); Krabak et al. (2021) |
| Safeguarding and event operations | Secure athlete zones, guardian verification, welfare-person role, withdrawal/incident escalation, communication boundaries | Checklist simulation | International Safeguards for Children in Sport (2016); HYROX France (n.d.) |
| Injury risk reduction and referral | Pain vs soreness, red flags, overuse/burnout signs, return-to-participation principles, documentation | Scenario-based OSCE | Bahr et al. (2020); DiFiori et al. (2014) |
| Parent and athlete communication | Autonomy-supportive language, realistic expectations, participation-first framing, pressure reduction for younger groups | Role-play and written parent handout | Bergeron et al. (2015); DiFiori et al. (2014) |
Coach quick-reference principles
- Use the latest global Youngstars rulebook as the technical source for station prescriptions; check event updates only after confirming they match the rulebook.
- Coach for movement quality first, especially during sled work, lunges, squats/wall balls, and carries under fatigue.
- Use child-friendly RPE, simple pacing cues, and planned recovery rather than pushing every session to race intensity.
- Monitor growth spurts, sudden coordination changes, recurring pain, limping, swelling, excessive soreness, and declining enjoyment.
- Escalate promptly to a parent/guardian and appropriate health professional when pain is sharp, persistent, worsening, or changes gait or daily activity.
- Keep the youngest age groups participation-first: completion, confidence, skill awards, and enjoyment should be valued alongside time.
Research agenda for HYROX Youngstars
The following studies are practical, scalable, and designed to convert safety intentions into measurable evidence. All research involving minors should use independent ethics review, parent/guardian permission, child assent, data minimisation, and clear adverse-event procedures consistent with ethical human-participant research principles (World Medical Association, 2024). Injury/illness epidemiology should follow IOC reporting guidance to ensure standard definitions, exposure data, severity, and transparent reporting (Bahr et al., 2020).
| Study | Research question | Suggested design/measures | Policy use |
| Competition demand profile | What are HR, RPE, pacing, split-time, and station-fatigue patterns by age/sex? | Multi-site event-based observational study; HR monitors, split times, RPE, judge technique flags | Identifies high-risk stations, pacing needs, and age-specific modifications. |
| Maturation moderation | Does maturity status or PHV window predict pain, technique faults, no-reps, or withdrawal? | Cohort study in 12-15 years using non-invasive maturity estimates and growth tracking | Creates maturity-aware coach flags and adjustment criteria. |
| Load-scaling validity | Do prescribed absolute loads produce comparable relative challenge across body size and maturity? | Mixed-method study with body mass, sled completion time, RPE, technique scoring, and equipment/friction checks | Supports transparent load-scaling rationale or light-option policy. |
| Injury/illness surveillance pilot | What injuries, illnesses, and near misses occur in training vs event day? | Season-long prospective surveillance in events and affiliate gyms using IOC definitions | Guides staffing, medical escalation, wave size, lane layout, and station standards. |
| Youth coach education trial | Does youth-specific coach education reduce technique faults, incidents, and dropouts? | Cluster trial by gym or region comparing standard vs youth-add-on education | Justifies mandatory youth certification and renewal. |
| Psychosocial and safeguarding outcomes | Does Youngstars improve confidence and enjoyment without increasing pressure or distress? | Pre/post athlete and parent surveys plus incident/withdrawal review | Guides parent education, awards structure, and participation-first messaging. |
Core hypotheses to pre-register
1. The final station produces the highest RPE and the greatest concentration of technique breakdown in at least one age band, requiring finish-station monitoring and possibly a younger-age modification.
2. Athletes near PHV show higher rates of pain reports, no-reps, or technique faults on repeated knee-flexion and trunk-loaded tasks than pre- or post-PHV peers.
3. Absolute loads create unequal relative intensities within age bands, especially for smaller or less mature athletes.
4. A youth-specific coach education module reduces avoidable technique errors, child distress, and event-day incident reports.
Policy and operations recommendations
| Policy area | Recommended change | Why it matters |
| Evidence transparency | Publish a load-scaling rationale and an annual Youngstars Safety & Development Report. | Builds trust, supports coaches, and allows data-led rule updates. |
| Documentation quality control | Create one source-controlled global rulebook page; archive legacy regional pages or label them clearly. | Prevents training-prep errors and conflicting race-day expectations. |
| Maturity-aware safeguards | Add optional non-invasive growth/maturity monitoring guidance for coaches and parents, especially ages 12-15. | Supports safer training through PHV windows and outlier body-size situations. |
| Load adjustment pathway | Create a clear light-option or out-of-competition modification pathway for small, injured, or medically limited athletes. | Protects inclusion without compromising ranked fairness. |
| Station and venue standards | Standardise sled surfaces/friction checks, minimum lane widths, transition flow, and run-course congestion controls. | Reduces equipment variability and collision/trip risk. |
| Coach minimum standard | Require at least one youth-qualified HYROX coach for Youngstars sessions and renew certification every 2 years. | Qualified supervision is central to youth resistance-training safety. |
| Surveillance | Deploy IOC-aligned injury/illness and near-miss reporting at events and affiliate gyms. | Creates actionable evidence and allows annual public safety trends. |
| Psychosocial protection | Use participation-first framing for ages 8-11 and provide parent guidance on pressure, recovery, and autonomy. | Reduces burnout risk and improves long-term participation. |
| Safeguarding SOP | Publish a global SOP for guardian verification, secure zones, welfare escalation, withdrawal, and incident documentation. | Aligns event practice with child safeguarding expectations. |
Implementation roadmap
| Phase | Action | Deliverable |
| 0-3 months | Audit all official Youngstars pages; fix warm-up/format contradictions; publish a source-control note and interim safety FAQ. | Updated rulebook addendum, unified public pages, source-control owner. |
| 3-9 months | Pilot IOC-aligned incident reporting at 3-5 events and 10-20 affiliate gyms; draft youth coach module. | Pilot dashboard, staff training guide, coach-module beta. |
| 9-18 months | Run demand-profile and load-scaling studies; begin maturity-aware monitoring education for 12-15 age groups. | Preregistered protocols, interim safety findings, proposed load-adjustment rules. |
| 18-24 months | Update rulebook, coach certification requirements, station standards, and safeguarding SOP. | Rulebook v2, youth coach add-on, annual safety report. |
| 24-36 months | Scale surveillance globally; publish peer-reviewed papers and open de-identified datasets/protocols where appropriate. | Multi-site papers, open protocols/data dictionaries, continuous-improvement cycle. |
Implementation flow: audit official materials -> define safety metrics -> pilot surveillance and coach education -> analyse station and maturity hotspots -> update rules and coach standards -> publish annual report -> repeat the cycle with new data.
Research library and coach reference guide
This library is designed for coaches, event organisers, researchers, and policy leads. It separates official rule sources from scientific and safeguarding sources so that each source is used for the correct purpose.
| Library category | Core references | Coach/policy takeaway |
| Official rules and format | HYROX Youngstars page; HYROX Youngstars Rulebook 25/26; event pages | Do not mix legacy/regional pages with the current global rulebook. Use the rulebook for loads, movement standards, penalties, and category definitions. |
| Youth resistance training | Faigenbaum et al. (2009) | Youth can train safely with resistance when programmes are well designed, supervised, technically coached, and progressed appropriately. |
| Long-term athletic development | Lloyd et al. (2016); Bergeron et al. (2015) | Build physical literacy, confidence, health, and long-term participation; avoid adult-style pressure and early specialization. |
| Maturation and PHV | Towlson et al. (2021); Parry et al. (2024) | Chronological age is not enough. Watch growth spurts, movement changes, and outlier body size/training age. |
| Running and conditioning | Bull et al. (2020); Costigan et al. (2015); Eddolls et al. (2017); Krabak et al. (2021) | Use progressive conditioning and varied movement. Avoid sudden mileage/intensity spikes and repeated maximal race simulations. |
| Overuse and burnout | DiFiori et al. (2014) | Plan recovery, variety, and autonomy. Track enjoyment and pressure as safety indicators, not extras. |
| Injury/illness surveillance | Bahr et al. (2020) | Use standard definitions and exposure denominators so injury data are meaningful and comparable. |
| Safeguarding | International Safeguards for Children in Sport (2016); HYROX event safeguarding notes | Secure zones, verified handover, incident reporting, and welfare escalation should be standardised and rehearsed. |
| HYROX physiology | Brandt et al. (2025) | Adult HYROX data suggest high overall strain and a demanding wall-ball finish, but youth-specific demand profiling is still required. |
| Ethics and open science | World Medical Association (2024); Center for Open Science (n.d.); Zenodo (n.d.) | Preregister protocols, protect minors, minimise identifiable data, and publish transparent safety reports. |
Coach-facing “use today” checklist
- Before training: confirm the latest rulebook, explain the session goal, screen for pain/injury, and set child-friendly effort language.
- During training: cap intensity when technique deteriorates; use regressions without stigma; keep transitions controlled; keep hydration and breaks accessible.
- After training: ask a simple enjoyment/RPE/pain question; record concerns; share relevant notes with parents/guardians.
- Weekly: track total training days, running volume, race-specific station volume, sleep/recovery concerns, and growth-spurt signs.
- Before competition: rehearse standards, not only speed; explain withdrawal is acceptable; review guardian handover and secure-zone rules.
Suggested annual public safety report structure
1. Participation summary: entries by age band, sex division, event, and country/region.
2. Exposure summary: event starts, training hours where available, and number of affiliated gyms reporting.
3. Incidents: all-complaints, medical-attention, time-loss, near-miss, and withdrawal data using standard definitions.
4. Hotspots: stations, transitions, run-course areas, warm-up, and post-finish observations.
5. Action taken: rulebook edits, coach education updates, venue changes, safeguarding updates, and communication changes.
6. Next-year priorities: studies, pilot policies, and unresolved risks.
Additional Notes:
This edited version keeps the intent of the original report but restructures it into a cleaner evidence-and-policy document, replaces numbered citations with APA-style author-date citations, adds a coach-facing research library, and strengthens the language around youth safety, safeguarding, and evidence limitations.
Source standard: official HYROX materials were used for race-format claims; peer-reviewed articles, consensus statements, and public health/ethics guidance were used for youth training, safety, surveillance, and research governance. Non-authoritative blogs, social media posts, and unsupported claims were not used as evidence sources.
Important limitation: direct peer-reviewed evidence on HYROX Youngstars itself is not yet available publicly. The recommendations below are therefore based on official Youngstars materials, adult HYROX physiology data, and broader youth sport, youth resistance training, running, maturation, and injury-surveillance literature.
References
Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Derman, W., Dvorak, J., Emery, C. A., Finch, C. F., Hägglund, M., Junge, A., Kemp, S., Khan, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Meeuwisse, W., Mountjoy, M., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, B., Quarrie, K. L., Reider, B., Schwellnus, M., Soligard, T., Stokes, K. A., ... Chamari, K. (2020). International Olympic Committee consensus statement: Methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport 2020 (including STROBE Extension for Sports Injury and Illness Surveillance [STROBE-SIIS]). British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(7), 372-389. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101969
Bergeron, M. F., Mountjoy, M., Armstrong, N., Chia, M., Côté, J., Emery, C. A., Faigenbaum, A., Hall, G., Kriemler, S., Léglise, M., Malina, R. M., Pensgaard, A. M., Sanchez, A., Solberg, P. A., Sundgot-Borgen, J., van Mechelen, W., Weissensteiner, J. R., & Engebretsen, L. (2015). International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(13), 843-851. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962
Brandt, T., Ebel, C., Lebahn, C., & Schmidt, A. (2025). Acute physiological responses and performance determinants in Hyrox© - a new running-focused high intensity functional fitness trend. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, Article 1519240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1519240
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.-P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Lambert, E., ... Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451-1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Center for Open Science. (n.d.). Registrations and preregistrations. Open Science Framework Support. Retrieved April 25, 2026, from https://help.osf.io/article/330-welcome-to-registrations
Costigan, S. A., Eather, N., Plotnikoff, R. C., Taaffe, D. R., & Lubans, D. R. (2015). High-intensity interval training for improving health-related fitness in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(19), 1253-1261. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094490
DiFiori, J. P., Benjamin, H. J., Brenner, J. S., Gregory, A., Jayanthi, N., Landry, G. L., & Luke, A. (2014). Overuse injuries and burnout in youth sports: A position statement from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(4), 287-288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093299
Eddolls, W. T. B., McNarry, M. A., Stratton, G., Winn, C. O. N., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2017). High-intensity interval training interventions in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 47, 2363-2374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0753-8
Faigenbaum, A. D., Kraemer, W. J., Blimkie, C. J. R., Jeffreys, I., Micheli, L. J., Nitka, M., & Rowland, T. W. (2009). Youth resistance training: Updated position statement paper from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5 Suppl.), S60-S79. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df407
HYROX France. (n.d.). HYROX Youngstars London ExCel. Retrieved April 25, 2026, from https://hyroxfrance.com/fr/event/hyrox-youngstars-london-excel/
HYROX India. (n.d.). HYROX Youngstars. Retrieved April 25, 2026, from https://hyrox.co.in/hyrox-youngstars/
HYROX World GmbH. (n.d.-a). HYROX Youngstars. Retrieved April 25, 2026, from https://hyrox.com/hyrox-youngstars/
HYROX World GmbH. (2026a). HYROX Youngstars rulebook: Season 25/26. https://hyrox.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/25_26_HYROX_RulebookYoungstar_EN_04032026.pdf
International Safeguards for Children in Sport. (2016). International safeguards for children in sport. https://www.sportanddev.org/sites/default/files/downloads/international-safeguards-for-children-in-sport-version-to-view-online.pdf
Krabak, B. J., Roberts, W. O., Tenforde, A. S., Ackerman, K. E., Adami, P. E., Baggish, A. L., Barrack, M. T., Bigham, J., Brown, W., Chang, C. J., D’Hemecourt, P., DiFiori, J. P., Franklin, B. A., Hackney, A. C., Hew-Butler, T., Holtzman, B., Kliethermes, S. A., Kohrt, W. M., Kuehl, K. S., ... Wasfy, M. M. (2021). Youth running consensus statement: Minimising risk of injury and illness in youth runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(6), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102518
Lloyd, R. S., Cronin, J. B., Faigenbaum, A. D., Haff, G. G., Howard, R., Kraemer, W. J., Micheli, L. J., Myer, G. D., & Oliver, J. L. (2016). National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on long-term athletic development. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(6), 1491-1509. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001387
Parry, G. N., Williams, S., McKay, C. D., Johnson, D. J., Bergeron, M. F., & Cumming, S. P. (2024). Associations between growth, maturation and injury in youth athletes engaged in elite pathways: A scoping review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 58(17), 1001-1010. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108233
Towlson, C., Salter, J., Ade, J. D., Enright, K., Harper, L. D., Page, R. M., & Malone, J. J. (2021). Maturity-associated considerations for training load, injury risk, and physical performance in youth soccer: One size does not fit all. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(4), 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.09.003
World Medical Association. (2024). WMA Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human participants. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki/
Zenodo. (n.d.). Zenodo. Retrieved April 25, 2026, from https://zenodo.org/